GLOSSARY HERO

Glossary of terms

This section contains a useful list of terms and definitions.
 
Reports and presentations
Financial calendar
Share data
 
 

A

  1. AER: Actual Exchange Rate.
  2. Assets: Anything owned by the Company having a monetary value; e.g. fixed assets such as buildings, plant  and machinery, vehicles (these are not assets if rented and not owned) and potentially including intangibles such as trademarks and brand names, and current assets, such as inventory, debtors and cash.
  3. Average capital-employed: Averaged using month-end balances and opening capital employed. Capital employed is the sum of net assets and net debt.
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B

  1. Balance sheet (or statements of financial position): These provide a ‘snapshot’ at a date in time of who owns what in the Company, and what assets and debts represent the value of the Company.

    The balance sheet is where to look for information about short-term and long-term debts, gearing (the ratio of debt to equity), reserves, inventory values (materials and finished goods), capital assets, cash, and the value of shareholders’ funds.

    The balance sheet equation is: Capital + Liabilities (where the money came from) = Assets (where the money is now).
  2. Book Build: Book building is the process by which an underwriter attempts to determine the price at which an initial public offering (IPO) or Placing of equity will be offered.
  3. Broker option: The Broker Option has been issued to facilitate the participation by existing shareholders of the Company, being shareholders of the Company who hold shares in the Company.
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C

  1. CAGR: Compounded Annual Growth Rate.
  2. Cash flow: The movement of cash in and out of a business from day-to-day direct trading and other non-trading effects, such as capital expenditure, tax and dividend payments.
  3. Category ‘C’ components: Low value components that are wrapped up into our supply proposition for a customer.
  4. CER: Constant Exchange Rate.
  5. Current assets: Cash and anything that is expected to be converted into cash within 12 months of the balance sheet date. For example, debtors or inventory.
  6. Current liabilities: Money owed by the business that is generally due for payment within 12 months of balance sheet date. For example: creditors, bank overdrafts or tax.
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D

  1. Depreciation: The proportion of cost relating to a capital item, over an agreed period, (based on the useful life of the asset), for example, a piece of equipment costing £10,000 having a life of five years might be depreciated over five years at a cost of £2,000 per year.

    This would be shown in the income statement as a depreciation cost of £2,000 per year; the balance sheet would show an asset value of £8,000 at the end of year one, reducing by £2,000 per year; and the cash flow statement would show all £10,000 being used to pay for it in year one.
  2. Dividend: A dividend is a payment made per share, to a company’s shareholders and is based on the profits of the year, but not necessarily all the profits. Normally a half year dividend is recommended by a company board whilst the final dividend for the year is proposed by the board of directors and shareholders consider and vote on this at the Annual General Meeting.
  3. Dividend cover: Underlying diluted earnings per share over proposed dividend per share in the year.
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E

  • Earnings before: 
    There are several ‘Earnings before….’ ratios. The key ones being:

    PBT – Profit/earnings before taxes
    EBIT – Earnings before interest and taxes
    EBITDA – Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortisation
    Underlying – Profit before separately disclosed items

    Earnings relate to operating and non-operating profits (e.g. interest, dividends received from other investments).
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G

  1. GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Practice.
  2. GDPR: The General Data Protection Regulation is a regulation by which the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, and the European Commission intend to strengthen and unify data protection for all individuals within the European Union. It also addresses the export of personal data outside the EU.
  3. Gearing: The ratio of debt to equity, usually the relationship between long-term borrowings and shareholders’ funds.
  4. Goodwill: Any surplus money paid to acquire a company that exceeds its net assets fair value.
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I

  1. ICAEW: Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales.
  2. Intellectual Property (‘IP’):
    This is an intangible asset such as a copyright or patent.

    Copyright is the exclusive right to produce copies and to control an original work and is granted by law for a specified number of years.

    A patent is a government grant to an inventor, assuring the inventor the sole right to make, use and sell an invention for a limited period.
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L

  1. Legal Entity Identifier (LEI): An LEI is a unique identifier for persons that are legal entities or structures including companies, charities and trusts. The obligation for legal entities or structures to obtain an LEI was endorsed by the G20 (the leaders of the 20 largest economies). Further information on LEIs, including answers to frequently asked questions, can be found here.
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M

  1. MiFID: 
    MiFID applied in the UK from 2007, and was revised by MiFID II, in January 2018, to improve the functioning of financial markets in light of the financial crisis and to strengthen investor protection. MiFID II extended the MiFID requirements in a number of areas - new market structure requirements including:
     
    • new and extended requirements in relation to transparency
    • new rules on research and inducements
    • new product governance requirements for manufacturers and distributers of MiFID ‘products’
    • introduction of a harmonised commodity position limits regime

    For more visit here.
  2. Multinational OEMs: We use this term to include all Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), Tier 1 suppliers in the automotive sector and relevant key sub-contractors in the other sectors we service.
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N

  1. Non-pre-emptive rights: This term refers to an issue or sale of any equity securities by a Company to which pre-emptive rights do not apply.
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O

  1. OEM: Original equipment manufacturers.
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P

  1. PDMR: This term stands for Persons Discharging Managerial Responsibility. These relate to people who are Board directors or senior management, who have access to pricesensitive information on a regular basis. As a result, if they buy or sell shares at any time this must be declared in a PDMR notice which is released by the Company via the London Stock Exchange New service (RNS). PDMRs may not deal in the Company’s shares in a close period.
  2. P/E ratio (price per earnings): The P/E ratio is an important indicator as to how the investing market views the health, performance, prospects and investment risk of a plc. The P/E ratio is arrived at by dividing the share price by the underlying diluted earnings per share.
  3. Placing: A placing (called a placement in the US) is the issue of new securities, which are sold directly to holders, usually institutional investors. Unlike a Rights issue a placing of shares is not an offer to existing shareholders; simply to any suitable buyers who can be found. The advantage of a placing is that it is a cheaper and simpler method of raising funds for the business.
  4. PPE: PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment and includes items such as masks, helmets, gloves, eye protection and high-visibility clothing and is designed to keep people safe.
  5. Pre-emptive rights: Pre-emptive rights are a clause in an option, security or merger agreement that gives the investor the right to maintain his or her percentage ownership of a company by buying a proportionate number of shares of any future issue of the security.
  6. Profit: The surplus remaining after total costs are deducted from total revenue.
  7. Profit and loss account (P&L) (or income statement): 
    The P&L shows how well the company has performed in its trading activities and would cover a trading account for a period.

    The P&L shows profit performance and typically shows sales revenue, cost of sales/cost of goods sold, generally a gross profit margin, fixed overheads and/or operating expenses, and then a profit before tax figure (‘PBT’).
  8. Project Atlas: A Microsoft D365 implementation programme.
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R

  1. Reserves: The accumulated and retained difference between profits and losses year-on-year since the company’s formation.
  2. Retained profit/earnings: Business profit which is after tax and dividend payments to shareholders; retained by the business and used for reinvestment.
  3. Return on capital employed (‘ROCE’): A fundamental financial performance measure. A percentage figure representing earnings before interest and tax against the money that is invested in the business.

    Underlying EBIT ÷ average capital employed (net assets + net debt) × 100 = ROCE.
  4. Rights issue: A rights issue is the term for when a Company offers more of its ordinary shares to current shareholders, usually to raise extra capital for the business.
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S

  1. Share capital: The balance sheet nominal value paid into the company by shareholders at the time(s) shares were issued.
  2. Shareholders’ funds: A measure of the shareholders’ total interest in the company, represented by the total share capital plus reserves.
  3. Statements of cash flow: The statements of cash flows show the movement and availability of cash through and to the business over a given period. For any business ‘cash is king’ and essential to meet payments for example to suppliers, staff and other creditors.
  4. Stock Code: A stock code is used to find a listing on the regulatory market such as the London Stock Exchange. Trifast’s stock code is TRI.
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T

  1. Third party logistics (3PL): 3PL in logistics and supply chain management is an organisation’s use of third-party businesses to outsource elements of its distribution, warehousing, and fulfilment services.
  2. Tier 1: A subcontractor to the OEM.
  3. Trademark: The name or a symbol used by a manufacturer or dealer to distinguish its products from those of competitors. A registered trademark is one that is officially registered and legally protected.
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W

  1. Working capital: Current assets less current liabilities, representing the required investment, continually circulating, to finance inventory, debtors, and work in progress.
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  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
  4. D
  5. E
  6. G
  7. I
  8. L
  9. M
  10. N
  11. O
  12. P
  13. R
  14. S
  15. T
  16. W